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雙相不銹鋼焊接的細(xì)則

日期:2024-11-23 15:52
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摘要:<span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">雙相不銹鋼焊接的細(xì)則</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">奧氏體不銹鋼的焊接問題常常與焊縫金屬本身有關(guān),尤其是在全奧氏體或奧氏體占優(yōu)勢(shì)的焊縫凝固過程中產(chǎn)生的熱裂紋傾向。對(duì)于一般奧氏體不銹鋼,調(diào)整填充金屬的成分,使之具有一定的鐵素體含量,</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <a name="一、通用焊接準(zhǔn)則"></a><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">一、通用焊接準(zhǔn)則</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">雙相不銹鋼和奧氏體不銹鋼的區(qū)別</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">奧氏體不銹鋼的焊接問題常常與焊縫金屬本身有關(guān),尤其是在全奧氏體或奧氏體占優(yōu)勢(shì)的焊縫凝固過程中產(chǎn)生的熱裂紋傾向。對(duì)于一般奧氏體不銹鋼,調(diào)整填充金屬的成分,使之具有一定的鐵素體含量,可將這些問題減至低程度。高合金奧氏體不銹</span></span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;"> </span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">鋼需要使用鎳基填充金屬,奧氏體凝固不可避免,需要通過降低熱輸入、多道焊來控制。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">由于雙相不銹鋼鐵素體含量高,</span></span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;"> </span><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">具有非常好的抗熱裂性,焊接時(shí)很少考慮熱裂。雙相不銹鋼焊接主要的問題與熱影響區(qū)有關(guān),而不是焊縫金屬。熱影響區(qū)的問題是耐蝕性及韌性損失或焊后開裂。為了避免發(fā)生上述問題,焊接工藝的重點(diǎn)是大程度減少在</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">“</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">紅熱</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">” </span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">溫度范圍總的停留時(shí)間,而不是控制任何一道焊接的熱輸入。經(jīng)驗(yàn)表明,這種方法可使焊接工藝從技術(shù)和經(jīng)濟(jì)角度都優(yōu)化。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">這里將給出雙相不銹鋼焊接的一些一般準(zhǔn)則,以及這些基本知識(shí)和準(zhǔn)則在具體焊接方法中的應(yīng)用。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">1.</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">原材料的選擇</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">雙相不銹鋼對(duì)焊接的適應(yīng)性可隨化學(xué)成分和生產(chǎn)工藝的變化而發(fā)生顯著變化。已反復(fù)強(qiáng)調(diào)過母材含有足量氮的重要性。如果原材料緩慢地冷卻通過</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">700 - 1000</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">℃</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US"> (1300 - 1800</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">℉</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">) </span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">溫度區(qū)間,或允許在水淬前空冷通過該區(qū)間一分鐘左右,那么本應(yīng)留給焊工</span></span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;"> </span><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">完成焊接而不產(chǎn)生任何有害相析出的時(shí)間被耗盡。需要注意的是,實(shí)際進(jìn)行加工制造的材料,其成分和生產(chǎn)過程的冶金條件應(yīng)當(dāng)與用于焊接工藝評(píng)定的材料的質(zhì)量條件相同。此系列文章的</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US"> “</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">終端用戶技術(shù)條件和質(zhì)量控制</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">” </span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">部分給出了根據(jù)成分和合適試驗(yàn)規(guī)范選擇原材料的方法。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">2.</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">焊前清理</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">焊前應(yīng)清理全部加熱部位,這一要求不僅適用于雙相不銹鋼,而且適用于所有不銹鋼。確定母材和填充金屬化學(xué)成分的前提條件是沒有額外的污染源。灰塵、油脂、油污、油漆和任何形式的水分都會(huì)干擾焊接操作并對(duì)焊件的耐蝕性和力學(xué)性能產(chǎn)生不</span></span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;"> </span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">利影響。如果焊前不對(duì)材料進(jìn)行徹底清理,則無論多少工藝評(píng)定均是無效的。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">3.</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">接頭設(shè)計(jì)</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">雙相不銹鋼的接頭設(shè)計(jì)必須有助于完全焊透并避免在凝固的焊縫金屬中存在未熔合的母材。好采用機(jī)加工而不采用砂輪打磨坡口,以便使焊接區(qū)厚度或間隙均勻。必須打磨時(shí),應(yīng)特別注意坡口加工及其裝配的均勻一致。為了保證完全熔合和焊透,應(yīng)當(dāng)去掉任何打磨毛刺。對(duì)于奧氏體不銹鋼,有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的焊工可通過控制焊炬克服坡口加工的某些缺陷。但對(duì)于雙相不銹鋼,這些技巧會(huì)造成材料在有害溫度區(qū)間停留時(shí)間比預(yù)期的時(shí)間長,導(dǎo)致結(jié)果超出合格工藝要求。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">雙相不銹鋼的一些接頭設(shè)計(jì)如圖</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">18</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">所示。其他設(shè)計(jì)如能保證焊縫完全焊透且燒穿的危低,則它們也是合理的。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">4.</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">預(yù)熱</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">由于預(yù)熱可能是有害的,所以一般不推薦預(yù)熱。如果沒有特殊正當(dāng)?shù)睦碛桑粦?yīng)當(dāng)把預(yù)熱作為一個(gè)工序。若用于消除天冷或夜間冷凝形成的濕氣時(shí),預(yù)熱可能是有益的。當(dāng)采用預(yù)熱去除濕氣時(shí),應(yīng)將鋼均勻地加熱到約</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">100</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">℃</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US"> (200</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">℉</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">) </span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">且只能在坡口清理后進(jìn)行。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">5.</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">熱輸入與層間溫度</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">雙相不銹鋼能夠容許相對(duì)高的熱輸入。焊縫金屬凝固后的雙相組織的抗熱裂性大大優(yōu)于奧氏體焊縫金屬。</span></span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;"> </span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">雙相不銹鋼具有較高的導(dǎo)熱率和較小的熱膨脹系數(shù),焊縫處沒有像奧氏體不銹鋼那樣高的局部熱應(yīng)力。盡管有必要對(duì)焊縫要求提出嚴(yán)格限制,但熱裂紋不是個(gè)常見的問題。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">極低的熱輸入可導(dǎo)致母材熔合區(qū)和熱影響區(qū)鐵素體含量過高,韌性和耐蝕性降低。極高的熱輸入增加了形成金屬間相的危險(xiǎn)。為了防止熱影響區(qū)的問題,焊接工藝規(guī)程應(yīng)允許該區(qū)域焊后快速冷卻。工件溫度很重要,</span></span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;"> </span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">因?yàn)樗鼘?duì)熱影響區(qū)的冷卻影響大。</span></span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;"> </span><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">作為一般準(zhǔn)則,經(jīng)濟(jì)型和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)雙相不銹鋼的高層間溫度限制在</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">150</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">℃</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US"> (300</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">℉</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">)</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,</span></span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;"> </span><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">超級(jí)雙相不銹鋼限制在</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">100</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">℃</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US"> (210</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">℉</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">)</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">。進(jìn)行焊接工藝評(píng)定時(shí)應(yīng)采用該限制值,生產(chǎn)性焊接中也應(yīng)監(jiān)測(cè)以確保層間溫度不高于工藝評(píng)定時(shí)所采用的溫度。電子溫度探頭和熱電偶是監(jiān)控層間溫度較好的手段。在焊接工藝評(píng)定中,使多道焊試件的層間溫度低于實(shí)際制造中能夠經(jīng)濟(jì)合理地達(dá)到的層間溫度,這種做法是不慎重的。進(jìn)行大量焊接時(shí),規(guī)劃好焊接工序使各道次間有足夠的冷卻時(shí)間是良好、經(jīng)濟(jì)的做法。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">6.</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">焊后熱處理</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">雙相不銹鋼不需要進(jìn)行焊后應(yīng)力消除處理,且這樣做可能是有害的,</span></span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;"> </span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">因?yàn)闊崽幚砜?lt;/span></span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;"> </span><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">使金屬間相</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US"> (700 - 1000°C/1300 - 1830°F) </span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">或</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US"> α’ (475</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">℃</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">/ 885</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">℉</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">) </span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">脆性相析出,降低韌性和耐蝕性。焊后熱處理溫度超過</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">315</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">℃</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US"> (600</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">℉</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">) </span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">會(huì)導(dǎo)致有害相的析出。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">雙相不銹鋼的焊后熱處理應(yīng)當(dāng)包括完全固溶退火,然后水淬</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US"> (</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">見表</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US"> 11)</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">。自熔焊后應(yīng)考慮完全固溶退火,</span></span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;"> </span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">因?yàn)槿绻诤附舆^程中沒有采用過合金化的填充金屬,則顯微組織中鐵素體含量將很高。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">如果焊后打算進(jìn)行完全固溶退火和淬火,例如零部件的制造,則熱處理應(yīng)視為焊接工藝的一部分。退火處理可解決鐵素體過多及金屬間相相關(guān)的問題,制造工藝允許在終退火處理前存在一些不太如意的中間狀態(tài)。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">7.</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">理想的相平衡</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">常常說雙相不銹鋼的相平衡為</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US"> “50-50”</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,等量的奧氏體與鐵素體。</span></span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;"> </span><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">然而,嚴(yán)格說來這是不正確的,因?yàn)楝F(xiàn)代雙相不銹鋼中鐵素體約為</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">40</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">%</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US"> - 50</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">%,其余為奧氏體。通常認(rèn)為,當(dāng)鐵素體含量至少為</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">25 - 30</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">%、其余為奧氏體時(shí),可以獲得雙相不銹鋼特有的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">在一些焊接方法中,特別是以焊劑保護(hù)為基礎(chǔ)的方法中,相平衡向奧氏體含量較高的方向調(diào)整以改善韌性,補(bǔ)償因焊劑使焊縫氧含量增加引起的韌性損失。這些填充金屬的韌性遠(yuǎn)低于鋼板或鋼管固溶處理后可能達(dá)到的很高的韌性值,但焊縫金屬的韌性仍足以滿足預(yù)期的要求。沒有一種焊接方法可使焊縫金屬的韌性與鍛軋材完全退火處理后所達(dá)到的韌性一樣高。如果將焊縫金屬的鐵素體含量限制在軋鋼廠退火處理的雙相不銹鋼所要求的小值之上,會(huì)對(duì)可用的焊接方法形成不必要的限制。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">熱影響區(qū)的相平衡,即原始鍛軋鋼板或鋼管加上額外的焊接熱循環(huán),其鐵素體含量通常略高于原始材料。用金相法**測(cè)定熱影響區(qū)的相平衡幾乎是不可能的。如果該區(qū)域鐵素體含量很高,也許說明出現(xiàn)過極快速冷卻的異常情況,從而導(dǎo)致鐵素體含量過高和韌性降低。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">8.</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">異種金屬的焊接</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">雙相不銹鋼可與其他雙相不銹鋼、奧氏體不銹鋼、碳素鋼和低合金鋼焊接。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">雙相不銹鋼與其他雙相不銹鋼焊接時(shí),通常使用鎳含量高于母材的雙相不銹鋼填充金屬。提高填充金屬的鎳含量可保證焊縫在冷卻過程中形成足夠的奧氏體。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">雙相不銹鋼與奧氏體不銹鋼焊接時(shí),常使用低碳和鉬含量介于二者之間的奧氏體不銹鋼填充金屬;通常使用</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">AWS E 309LMo/ER309LMo</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">。雙相不銹鋼與碳素鋼和低合金鋼的焊接一般采用上述同樣的填充金屬或</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">AWS E309L/ER309L</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">。如果使用鎳基填充金屬,則它們不應(yīng)當(dāng)含有鈮。由于奧氏體不銹鋼的強(qiáng)度比雙相不銹鋼低,故使用奧氏體不銹鋼填充金屬的焊接接頭不如雙相不銹鋼母材強(qiáng)度高。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">表</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">16</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">歸納了雙相不銹鋼與異種金屬焊接時(shí)常用的填充金屬。這些例子給出了</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">AWS</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">焊條牌號(hào)</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US"> (E)</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,但是根據(jù)焊接工藝、接頭形狀和其他條件的不同,可考慮采用焊絲</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US"> (AWS</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">牌號(hào)</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">ER) </span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">和藥芯焊絲。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">表</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">16 </span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">異種金屬焊接用焊接材料</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <a name="二、焊接工藝評(píng)定"></a><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">二、焊接工藝評(píng)定</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">對(duì)于標(biāo)準(zhǔn)奧氏體不銹鋼,焊接工藝評(píng)定試驗(yàn)是相當(dāng)簡單的,僅進(jìn)行一定數(shù)量的試驗(yàn)以證明材料、焊材和焊接方法是合格的。這些評(píng)定試驗(yàn)包括硬度試驗(yàn)和彎曲試驗(yàn)</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US"> (</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">分別檢驗(yàn)馬氏體和熱裂</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">)</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,反映了長期使用鐵素體、馬氏體或奧氏體不銹鋼時(shí)可能出現(xiàn)的問題。雙相不銹鋼滿足這些要求沒有困難,但是這些試驗(yàn)不可能發(fā)現(xiàn)雙相不銹鋼中可能出現(xiàn)的金屬間相或過量鐵素體問題。同時(shí),由于需要限制在熱影響區(qū)溫度范圍內(nèi)的總時(shí)間,雙相不銹鋼的性能將對(duì)截面厚度和實(shí)際焊接操作的細(xì)節(jié)很敏感。因此,必須廣義地考慮</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US"> “</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">評(píng)定</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">”</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,即證明在制過程中將使用的焊接工藝不會(huì)導(dǎo)致材料的工程特性,特別是韌性和耐蝕性出現(xiàn)不可接受的損失。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">對(duì)每種厚度和形狀的焊接都進(jìn)行焊接工藝評(píng)定是比較保險(xiǎn)的做法,因?yàn)榉桨干系奈⑿〔顒e在實(shí)際制造結(jié)果中差別可能很大。然而,實(shí)際加工的復(fù)雜性使得這樣的試驗(yàn)成本很高。如果每種焊接方法對(duì)厚斷面進(jìn)行焊接工藝評(píng)定,則可達(dá)到節(jié)約的目的。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">&nbsp;</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span>

雙相不銹鋼焊接的細(xì)則

奧氏體不銹鋼的焊接問題常常與焊縫金屬本身有關(guān),尤其是在全奧氏體或奧氏體占優(yōu)勢(shì)的焊縫凝固過程中產(chǎn)生的熱裂紋傾向。對(duì)于一般奧氏體不銹鋼,調(diào)整填充金屬的成分,使之具有一定的鐵素體含量,

一、通用焊接準(zhǔn)則

雙相不銹鋼和奧氏體不銹鋼的區(qū)別

奧氏體不銹鋼的焊接問題常常與焊縫金屬本身有關(guān),尤其是在全奧氏體或奧氏體占優(yōu)勢(shì)的焊縫凝固過程中產(chǎn)生的熱裂紋傾向。對(duì)于一般奧氏體不銹鋼,調(diào)整填充金屬的成分,使之具有一定的鐵素體含量,可將這些問題減至低程度。高合金奧氏體不銹 鋼需要使用鎳基填充金屬,奧氏體凝固不可避免,需要通過降低熱輸入、多道焊來控制。

由于雙相不銹鋼鐵素體含量高, 具有非常好的抗熱裂性,焊接時(shí)很少考慮熱裂。雙相不銹鋼焊接主要的問題與熱影響區(qū)有關(guān),而不是焊縫金屬。熱影響區(qū)的問題是耐蝕性及韌性損失或焊后開裂。為了避免發(fā)生上述問題,焊接工藝的重點(diǎn)是大程度減少在紅熱溫度范圍總的停留時(shí)間,而不是控制任何一道焊接的熱輸入。經(jīng)驗(yàn)表明,這種方法可使焊接工藝從技術(shù)和經(jīng)濟(jì)角度都優(yōu)化。

這里將給出雙相不銹鋼焊接的一些一般準(zhǔn)則,以及這些基本知識(shí)和準(zhǔn)則在具體焊接方法中的應(yīng)用。

1.原材料的選擇

雙相不銹鋼對(duì)焊接的適應(yīng)性可隨化學(xué)成分和生產(chǎn)工藝的變化而發(fā)生顯著變化。已反復(fù)強(qiáng)調(diào)過母材含有足量氮的重要性。如果原材料緩慢地冷卻通過700 - 1000 (1300 - 1800) 溫度區(qū)間,或允許在水淬前空冷通過該區(qū)間一分鐘左右,那么本應(yīng)留給焊工 完成焊接而不產(chǎn)生任何有害相析出的時(shí)間被耗盡。需要注意的是,實(shí)際進(jìn)行加工制造的材料,其成分和生產(chǎn)過程的冶金條件應(yīng)當(dāng)與用于焊接工藝評(píng)定的材料的質(zhì)量條件相同。此系列文章的終端用戶技術(shù)條件和質(zhì)量控制部分給出了根據(jù)成分和合適試驗(yàn)規(guī)范選擇原材料的方法。

2.焊前清理

焊前應(yīng)清理全部加熱部位,這一要求不僅適用于雙相不銹鋼,而且適用于所有不銹鋼。確定母材和填充金屬化學(xué)成分的前提條件是沒有額外的污染源。灰塵、油脂、油污、油漆和任何形式的水分都會(huì)干擾焊接操作并對(duì)焊件的耐蝕性和力學(xué)性能產(chǎn)生不 利影響。如果焊前不對(duì)材料進(jìn)行徹底清理,則無論多少工藝評(píng)定均是無效的。

3.接頭設(shè)計(jì)

雙相不銹鋼的接頭設(shè)計(jì)必須有助于完全焊透并避免在凝固的焊縫金屬中存在未熔合的母材。好采用機(jī)加工而不采用砂輪打磨坡口,以便使焊接區(qū)厚度或間隙均勻。必須打磨時(shí),應(yīng)特別注意坡口加工及其裝配的均勻一致。為了保證完全熔合和焊透,應(yīng)當(dāng)去掉任何打磨毛刺。對(duì)于奧氏體不銹鋼,有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的焊工可通過控制焊炬克服坡口加工的某些缺陷。但對(duì)于雙相不銹鋼,這些技巧會(huì)造成材料在有害溫度區(qū)間停留時(shí)間比預(yù)期的時(shí)間長,導(dǎo)致結(jié)果超出合格工藝要求。

雙相不銹鋼的一些接頭設(shè)計(jì)如圖18所示。其他設(shè)計(jì)如能保證焊縫完全焊透且燒穿的危低,則它們也是合理的。

4.預(yù)熱

由于預(yù)熱可能是有害的,所以一般不推薦預(yù)熱。如果沒有特殊正當(dāng)?shù)睦碛桑粦?yīng)當(dāng)把預(yù)熱作為一個(gè)工序。若用于消除天冷或夜間冷凝形成的濕氣時(shí),預(yù)熱可能是有益的。當(dāng)采用預(yù)熱去除濕氣時(shí),應(yīng)將鋼均勻地加熱到約100 (200) 且只能在坡口清理后進(jìn)行。

5.熱輸入與層間溫度

雙相不銹鋼能夠容許相對(duì)高的熱輸入。焊縫金屬凝固后的雙相組織的抗熱裂性大大優(yōu)于奧氏體焊縫金屬。 雙相不銹鋼具有較高的導(dǎo)熱率和較小的熱膨脹系數(shù),焊縫處沒有像奧氏體不銹鋼那樣高的局部熱應(yīng)力。盡管有必要對(duì)焊縫要求提出嚴(yán)格限制,但熱裂紋不是個(gè)常見的問題。

極低的熱輸入可導(dǎo)致母材熔合區(qū)和熱影響區(qū)鐵素體含量過高,韌性和耐蝕性降低。極高的熱輸入增加了形成金屬間相的危險(xiǎn)。為了防止熱影響區(qū)的問題,焊接工藝規(guī)程應(yīng)允許該區(qū)域焊后快速冷卻。工件溫度很重要, 因?yàn)樗鼘?duì)熱影響區(qū)的冷卻影響大。 作為一般準(zhǔn)則,經(jīng)濟(jì)型和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)雙相不銹鋼的高層間溫度限制在150 (300) 超級(jí)雙相不銹鋼限制在100 (210)。進(jìn)行焊接工藝評(píng)定時(shí)應(yīng)采用該限制值,生產(chǎn)性焊接中也應(yīng)監(jiān)測(cè)以確保層間溫度不高于工藝評(píng)定時(shí)所采用的溫度。電子溫度探頭和熱電偶是監(jiān)控層間溫度較好的手段。在焊接工藝評(píng)定中,使多道焊試件的層間溫度低于實(shí)際制造中能夠經(jīng)濟(jì)合理地達(dá)到的層間溫度,這種做法是不慎重的。進(jìn)行大量焊接時(shí),規(guī)劃好焊接工序使各道次間有足夠的冷卻時(shí)間是良好、經(jīng)濟(jì)的做法。

6.焊后熱處理

雙相不銹鋼不需要進(jìn)行焊后應(yīng)力消除處理,且這樣做可能是有害的, 因?yàn)闊崽幚砜?/span> 使金屬間相 (700 - 1000°C/1300 - 1830°F) α’ (475/ 885) 脆性相析出,降低韌性和耐蝕性。焊后熱處理溫度超過315 (600) 會(huì)導(dǎo)致有害相的析出。

雙相不銹鋼的焊后熱處理應(yīng)當(dāng)包括完全固溶退火,然后水淬 (見表 11)。自熔焊后應(yīng)考慮完全固溶退火, 因?yàn)槿绻诤附舆^程中沒有采用過合金化的填充金屬,則顯微組織中鐵素體含量將很高。

如果焊后打算進(jìn)行完全固溶退火和淬火,例如零部件的制造,則熱處理應(yīng)視為焊接工藝的一部分。退火處理可解決鐵素體過多及金屬間相相關(guān)的問題,制造工藝允許在終退火處理前存在一些不太如意的中間狀態(tài)。

7.理想的相平衡

常常說雙相不銹鋼的相平衡為 “50-50”,等量的奧氏體與鐵素體。 然而,嚴(yán)格說來這是不正確的,因?yàn)楝F(xiàn)代雙相不銹鋼中鐵素體約為40 - 50%,其余為奧氏體。通常認(rèn)為,當(dāng)鐵素體含量至少為25 - 30%、其余為奧氏體時(shí),可以獲得雙相不銹鋼特有的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。

在一些焊接方法中,特別是以焊劑保護(hù)為基礎(chǔ)的方法中,相平衡向奧氏體含量較高的方向調(diào)整以改善韌性,補(bǔ)償因焊劑使焊縫氧含量增加引起的韌性損失。這些填充金屬的韌性遠(yuǎn)低于鋼板或鋼管固溶處理后可能達(dá)到的很高的韌性值,但焊縫金屬的韌性仍足以滿足預(yù)期的要求。沒有一種焊接方法可使焊縫金屬的韌性與鍛軋材完全退火處理后所達(dá)到的韌性一樣高。如果將焊縫金屬的鐵素體含量限制在軋鋼廠退火處理的雙相不銹鋼所要求的小值之上,會(huì)對(duì)可用的焊接方法形成不必要的限制。

熱影響區(qū)的相平衡,即原始鍛軋鋼板或鋼管加上額外的焊接熱循環(huán),其鐵素體含量通常略高于原始材料。用金相法**測(cè)定熱影響區(qū)的相平衡幾乎是不可能的。如果該區(qū)域鐵素體含量很高,也許說明出現(xiàn)過極快速冷卻的異常情況,從而導(dǎo)致鐵素體含量過高和韌性降低。

8.異種金屬的焊接

雙相不銹鋼可與其他雙相不銹鋼、奧氏體不銹鋼、碳素鋼和低合金鋼焊接。

雙相不銹鋼與其他雙相不銹鋼焊接時(shí),通常使用鎳含量高于母材的雙相不銹鋼填充金屬。提高填充金屬的鎳含量可保證焊縫在冷卻過程中形成足夠的奧氏體。

雙相不銹鋼與奧氏體不銹鋼焊接時(shí),常使用低碳和鉬含量介于二者之間的奧氏體不銹鋼填充金屬;通常使用AWS E 309LMo/ER309LMo。雙相不銹鋼與碳素鋼和低合金鋼的焊接一般采用上述同樣的填充金屬或AWS E309L/ER309L。如果使用鎳基填充金屬,則它們不應(yīng)當(dāng)含有鈮。由于奧氏體不銹鋼的強(qiáng)度比雙相不銹鋼低,故使用奧氏體不銹鋼填充金屬的焊接接頭不如雙相不銹鋼母材強(qiáng)度高。

16歸納了雙相不銹鋼與異種金屬焊接時(shí)常用的填充金屬。這些例子給出了AWS焊條牌號(hào) (E),但是根據(jù)焊接工藝、接頭形狀和其他條件的不同,可考慮采用焊絲 (AWS牌號(hào)ER) 和藥芯焊絲。

16 異種金屬焊接用焊接材料

二、焊接工藝評(píng)定

對(duì)于標(biāo)準(zhǔn)奧氏體不銹鋼,焊接工藝評(píng)定試驗(yàn)是相當(dāng)簡單的,僅進(jìn)行一定數(shù)量的試驗(yàn)以證明材料、焊材和焊接方法是合格的。這些評(píng)定試驗(yàn)包括硬度試驗(yàn)和彎曲試驗(yàn) (分別檢驗(yàn)馬氏體和熱裂),反映了長期使用鐵素體、馬氏體或奧氏體不銹鋼時(shí)可能出現(xiàn)的問題。雙相不銹鋼滿足這些要求沒有困難,但是這些試驗(yàn)不可能發(fā)現(xiàn)雙相不銹鋼中可能出現(xiàn)的金屬間相或過量鐵素體問題。同時(shí),由于需要限制在熱影響區(qū)溫度范圍內(nèi)的總時(shí)間,雙相不銹鋼的性能將對(duì)截面厚度和實(shí)際焊接操作的細(xì)節(jié)很敏感。因此,必須廣義地考慮評(píng)定,即證明在制過程中將使用的焊接工藝不會(huì)導(dǎo)致材料的工程特性,特別是韌性和耐蝕性出現(xiàn)不可接受的損失。

對(duì)每種厚度和形狀的焊接都進(jìn)行焊接工藝評(píng)定是比較保險(xiǎn)的做法,因?yàn)榉桨干系奈⑿〔顒e在實(shí)際制造結(jié)果中差別可能很大。然而,實(shí)際加工的復(fù)雜性使得這樣的試驗(yàn)成本很高。如果每種焊接方法對(duì)厚斷面進(jìn)行焊接工藝評(píng)定,則可達(dá)到節(jié)約的目的。

 

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