摘要：<span style="font-family:宋體;">不銹鋼中鉬含量的影響</span> <p> <span style="font-family:宋體;">一般來說</span><span>,</span><span style="font-family:宋體;">簡單的鉻鎳</span><span>(</span><span style="font-family:宋體;">及鉻錳氮</span><span>)</span><span style="font-family:宋體;">奧氏體不銹鋼僅用于要求不銹性和耐氧化性介質(zhì)</span><span>(</span><span style="font-family:宋體;">比如硝酸等</span><span>)</span><span style="font-family:宋體;">的使用條件下</span><span>,</span><span style="font-family:宋體;">鉬作為奧氏體不銹鋼中的重要合金元素加入到鋼中使其使用范圍進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)大</span><span>,</span><span style="font-family:宋體;">鉬的作用主要是提高鋼在還原性介質(zhì)</span><span>(</span><span style="font-family:宋體;">比</span><span>H2SO4,H3PO4,</span><span style="font-family:宋體;">以及一些有機(jī)酸和尿素環(huán)境</span><span>)</span><span style="font-family:宋體;">的耐蝕性</span><span>,</span><span style="font-family:宋體;">并提高鋼的耐點(diǎn)腐蝕及縫隙腐蝕等性能</span><span>. <br /> 1</span><span style="font-family:宋體;">鉬對組織的影響</span><span> <br /> </span><span style="font-family:宋體;">鉬和鉻都是形成和穩(wěn)定鐵素體并擴(kuò)大鐵素體相區(qū)的元素</span><span>,</span><span style="font-family:宋體;">鉬形成鐵素體的能力與鉻相當(dāng)</span><span>.</span><span style="font-family:宋體;">鉬還促進(jìn)奧氏體不銹鋼中金屬間相</span><span>,</span><span style="font-family:宋體;">比如</span><span>σ</span><span style="font-family:宋體;">相</span><span>,,κ</span><span style="font-family:宋體;">相</span><span>,</span><span style="font-family:宋體;">和</span><span>Laves</span><span style="font-family:宋體;">相等的沉淀</span><span>,</span><span style="font-family:宋體;">對鋼的耐蝕性和力學(xué)性能都會產(chǎn)生不利影響</span><span>,</span><span style="font-family:宋體;">告別是導(dǎo)致塑性</span><span>,</span><span style="font-family:宋體;">韌性下降</span><span>,</span><span style="font-family:宋體;">為使奧氏體不銹鋼保持單一的奧氏體組織</span><span>,</span><span style="font-family:宋體;">隨著鋼中鉬含量的增加</span><span>,</span><span style="font-family:宋體;">奧氏體形成元素</span><span>(</span><span style="font-family:宋體;">鎳</span><span>,</span><span style="font-family:宋體;">氮及錳等</span><span>)</span><span style="font-family:宋體;">的含量也要相應(yīng)提高</span><span>,</span><span style="font-family:宋體;">以保持鋼中鐵素體與奧氏體形成元素之間的平衡</span><span>.<br /> 2</span><span style="font-family:宋體;">鉬對性能的影響</span><span> <br /> </span><span style="font-family:宋體;">鉬對奧氏體不銹鋼的氧化作用不顯著</span><span>,</span><span style="font-family:宋體;">因此當(dāng)鉻鎳奧氏體不銹鋼保持單一的奧氏體組織且無金屬間析出時</span><span>,</span><span style="font-family:宋體;">鉬的加入對其室溫力學(xué)性能影響不大</span><span>,</span><span style="font-family:宋體;">但是</span><span>,</span><span style="font-family:宋體;">隨著鉬含量的增加</span><span>,</span><span style="font-family:宋體;">鋼的高溫強(qiáng)度提高</span><span>,</span><span style="font-family:宋體;">比如持久</span><span>,</span><span style="font-family:宋體;">蠕變等性能均獲較大改善</span><span>,</span><span style="font-family:宋體;">因此含鉬不銹鋼也常在高溫下應(yīng)用</span><span>,</span><span style="font-family:宋體;">然而</span><span>,</span><span style="font-family:宋體;">鉬的加入使鋼的高溫變形抗力增大</span><span>,</span><span style="font-family:宋體;">加之鋼中常常存在少量</span><span>δ</span><span style="font-family:宋體;">鐵素體因而含鉬不銹鋼的熱衷加工性比不含鉬鋼為差</span><span>,</span><span style="font-family:宋體;">而且鉬含量越高</span><span>,</span><span style="font-family:宋體;">熱加工性能越壞</span><span>,</span><span style="font-family:宋體;">另外</span><span>,</span><span style="font-family:宋體;">含鉬奧氏體不銹鋼中容易一百萬</span><span>κ(σ)</span><span style="font-family:宋體;">相沉淀</span><span>,</span><span style="font-family:宋體;">這將顯著惡化鋼的塑性和韌性</span><span>,</span><span style="font-family:宋體;">因此在含鉬奧氏體不銹鋼的生產(chǎn)</span><span>,</span><span style="font-family:宋體;">設(shè)備制造和應(yīng)用過程中</span><span>,</span><span style="font-family:宋體;">要注意防止鋼中金屬間相的形成</span><span>.<br /> </span><span style="font-family:宋體;">鉬在奧氏體不銹鋼中的主要作用是提高鋼的耐還原性介質(zhì)的腐蝕性能和耐點(diǎn)腐蝕</span><span>,</span><span style="font-family:宋體;">耐縫隙腐蝕等的性能</span><span>.</span><span style="font-family:宋體;">分別為鉬對鉻鎳奧氏體不銹鋼在硝酸</span><span>,</span><span style="font-family:宋體;">硫酸</span><span>,</span><span style="font-family:宋體;">醋酸</span><span>,</span><span style="font-family:宋體;">磷酸和尿素等介質(zhì)中耐蝕性的影響</span><span>,</span><span style="font-family:宋體;">可以看出</span><span>,</span><span style="font-family:宋體;">除在氧化性介質(zhì)</span><span>HNO3</span><span style="font-family:宋體;">中處</span><span>,</span><span style="font-family:宋體;">鉬的作用都是有益的</span><span>,</span><span style="font-family:宋體;">因此含鉬的奧氏體不銹鋼一般不用天耐硝酸的腐蝕</span><span>,</span><span style="font-family:宋體;">除非硝酸中含</span><span>F-,Cl-</span><span style="font-family:宋體;">等離子</span><span>,<br /> </span><span style="font-family:宋體;">雖然鉬作用為合金元素對奧氏體不銹鋼耐還原性介質(zhì)</span><span>,</span><span style="font-family:宋體;">面點(diǎn)腐蝕及縫隙腐蝕的原因尚不完全清楚</span><span>,</span><span style="font-family:宋體;">但大量實(shí)驗(yàn)已指出</span><span>,</span><span style="font-family:宋體;">鉬的耐蝕作用僅相當(dāng)鋼中含有較高量的鉻時才有效</span><span>,</span><span style="font-family:宋體;">鉬主要是強(qiáng)化鋼中鉻的耐蝕作用</span><span>,</span><span style="font-family:宋體;">與此同時</span><span>,</span><span style="font-family:宋體;">鉬形成酸鹽后的緩蝕作用也已為實(shí)驗(yàn)所證實(shí)</span><span>.<br /> </span><span style="font-family:宋體;">在耐高濃氯化物溶液的應(yīng)力腐蝕方面</span><span>,</span><span style="font-family:宋體;">雖然鉬作為合金元素對奧氏體不銹鋼耐還原性介質(zhì)</span><span>,</span><span style="font-family:宋體;">耐點(diǎn)腐蝕及縫隙腐蝕的原因尚不完全清楚</span><span>,</span><span style="font-family:宋體;">但大量實(shí)驗(yàn)已指出</span><span>,</span><span style="font-family:宋體;">鉬的作用僅當(dāng)鋼中含有較高量的鉻時才有效</span><span>,</span><span style="font-family:宋體;">鉬主要是強(qiáng)化鋼中鉻的耐蝕作用</span><span>,</span><span style="font-family:宋體;">與此同時</span><span>,</span><span style="font-family:宋體;">鉬形成鉬酸鹽后的緩沖作用也已為實(shí)驗(yàn)所證實(shí)</span><span>.<br /> </span><span style="font-family:宋體;">在耐高濃氯化物沉淪的應(yīng)力腐蝕方面</span><span>,</span><span style="font-family:宋體;">雖然一此實(shí)驗(yàn)指同</span><span>.32_1.html</span><span style="font-family:宋體;">以下的鉬對奧氏體不銹鋼的耐應(yīng)力腐蝕性能有害</span><span>,,</span><span style="font-family:宋體;">但是由于常見鉻鎳奧氏體不銹鋼多在含有微量氯化物及飽和氧的水介質(zhì)中使用</span><span>,</span><span style="font-family:宋體;">其應(yīng)力腐蝕又以點(diǎn)腐蝕為起源</span><span>,</span><span style="font-family:宋體;">因此含鉬的鉻鎳鉬奧氏體不銹鋼由于耐點(diǎn)腐蝕性能較高</span><span>,</span><span style="font-family:宋體;">所以在實(shí)際應(yīng)用中常常比不含鉬鋼具有更好的耐氯化物應(yīng)力腐蝕性能</span><span>.</span> </p> <p> <span></span> </p>